A.C.E. 3/ACE CD 3.iso/files/docs/ppaint6d.lha/PersonalPaint6.4Ch01.doc

Text File | 1996-03-16 | 74KB | 1,495 lines

     "Personal Paint  - 1. Introduction to the Amiga Environment"

 1. Introduction to the Amiga Environment
  1.1 Documentation
  1.2 System Configuration
  1.3 Memory
        1.3.1 Measurement Units
        1.3.2 Random Access Memory (RAM)
        1.3.3 The AddMem Command
        1.3.4 Peripheral Units
  1.4 File Names and Titles
  1.5 Drawers
  1.6 Backup Copies
  1.7 `Virus` Programs
  1.8 System Errors
  1.9 The User Interface
       1.9.1 Screens and Windows
       1.9.2 The Mouse and the Pointer
       1.9.3 Requesters
       1.9.4 Gadgets
             1.9.4.1 Action Gadgets, Check Boxes and Cycle Gadgets
             1.9.4.2 Sliders and Scroll Gadgets
             1.9.4.3 Text Gadgets
       1.9.5 Icons
       1.9.6 Menus
  1.10 The Keyboard
       1.10.1  The SetMap Command
       1.10.2  Graphical Keys
       1.10.3  Accents
       1.10.4  The <Shift> Keys
       1.10.5  The <Alt> Keys
       1.10.6  The <Ctrl> Key
       1.10.7  The <Commodore> (or <Left Amiga>) Key
       1.10.8  The <Amiga> Key
       1.10.9  The <Caps Lock> Key
       1.10.10 The Cursor Keys
       1.10.11 The <Tab> Key
       1.10.12 The <Return> Key
       1.10.13 The <BS> Key
       1.10.14 The <Del> Key
       1.10.15 The <Help> Key
       1.10.16 The <Esc> Key
       1.10.17 The Numerical Keypad
       1.10.18 The Function Keys
  1.11 Environment Variables and Sandard Drawers
  1.12 Configuring and Loading Personal Paint
  1.13 Installing Personal Paint
       1.13.1 Automatic Installation: The InstallPPaint Program
  1.14 External User Interface Files


1.         Introduction to the Amiga Environment

   The user of a new computer system or a new piece of software often
encounters equally new words and concepts. This entire chapter is
dedicated to explaining the basic concepts which will be dealt with in the
following chapters. Also in this chapter, some valuable suggestions on how
to get the best from the Amiga, and instructions on how to face some
problems that may be encountered.

   Users already familiar with Amiga terminology and conventions may
prefer to read only the last sections in this chapter (1.12 to 1.14:
program configuration and installation) and the "PPaint.man" disk-file.
Chapter two ("Tutorial") contains some interesting and practical advice.


1.1        Documentation

   All information necessary to use the program is contained in this
handbook. This guide was written using Personal Write, the word processor
developed by Cloanto.

   The Amiga handbooks, the printer manuals and those for the other
programs used in conjunction with Personal Paint provide additional
information on how to interface the program with the external
environment.

   The file "PPaint.man" on the program disk of Personal Paint contains
the most recent updates to the handbook, should there be any. The file can
be loaded with a simple double-click of its Workbench icon, or with any
word processor or text editor.


1.2        System Configuration

   Personal Paint works on any Amiga model with at least 1 Mbyte of main
memory (RAM). Many functions of Personal Paint are best exploited with
more RAM, especially if there is at least 1 Mbyte of Chip RAM (section
1.3.2). On a system with only 512 kbytes of Chip RAM, Personal Paint may
have to take measures to limit the amount of occupied memory (section
1.12). In particular, the audio may remain switched off (unless otherwise
specified), the Workbench screen may be closed and the default image
format may have fewer colors than usual. If there is enough free memory,
Personal Paint tries to avoid requesting the insertion of the Workbench
disk after the program has been loaded (e.g. to load the printer driver).


1.3        Memory

   The Amiga computer, like most computers, has a main memory (RAM) and
peripheral storage units. The following subsections explain the most
important notions regarding memory measurement units, different types of
memory and some concepts unique to the Amiga environment.


1.3.1      Measurement Units

   The smallest unit which is used to measure the quantity of memory is
called bit. A bit can be in one of two different states, just like the
switch of an electric light. The two states are generally defined as 0 and
1, off and on, false and true or cleared and set. This means that a bit
can store information.

   One byte is obtained by grouping 8 bits. There are 256 combinations of
the two possible states of the bits in a byte. One byte can thus store 256
(2 to the power of 8) different values, which are usually enough to
identify all the letters, numbers and other signs used in a text. There
are 1024 (2 to the power 10) bytes in one kbyte, while a Mbyte contains a
little more than one million bytes (1024 x 1024).


1.3.2      Random Access Memory (RAM)

   A computer's main memory is made of electronic circuits. A computer
must be switched on and properly working to store data in its RAM. A short
power failure, or a malfunctioning piece of software can cause the loss of
the data stored in the RAM.

   A portion of the Amiga's RAM is called Chip RAM. While the
microprocessor can access all the available RAM, the Amiga custom chips
can work only on Chip RAM. The custom chips support the microprocessor in
handling graphics, sound and much more. Only Chip memory can be used to
open a screen or a window (section 1.9.1, "Screens and Windows"), or store
an image which is to be displayed. For this reason, it is possible that
even if there is a lot of free memory, a new screen cannot be opened
because there is not enough free Chip memory, or the available Chip memory
is fragmented (scattered in pieces too small to be used).

   The more advanced CPUs of the Motorola 68000 Family (beginning with the
68020), have a faster than normal working mode, which employs a special
Cache RAM. Cache RAM is a very fast (and expensive) memory, where the
contents of the most recently used locations in Fast RAM are copied (
caching Chip RAM is more complex, and slower). If a piece of code is
executed repeatedly in a tight loop (without referencing any external
code), it can be executed entirely from the Cache RAM. The most
performance-critical routines of Personal Paint have been designed and
tested in order to fully exploit various types of Cache RAM.

   Different versions of custom chips and circuitry are mounted in the
Amiga computers. Early versions of the Amiga 500, 1000 and 2000 can work
with a maximum of 512 kbytes of Chip RAM. Some of these machines can be
upgraded by installing new custom chips. More recent models of the Amiga
can use one or two Mbytes of memory as Chip RAM, or even more.

   Personal Paint stores images using bitmaps (or bitplanes), i.e.
rectangular planes of bits.

   The number of contiguous bytes in Chip RAM required by a screen can be
calculated as follows:

   Bytes = (Width × Height × Bitplanes) / 8

   The maximum number of colors which can be displayed at the same time
equals 2 to the power of the number of bitplanes.

   In practice, the number of bytes per line is often rounded to the next
multiple of 16, 32 or 64, for speed reasons and hardware limitations.

   For example, a 32-color, 320 by 200 screen requires about 40 kbytes of
RAM. The more memory a screen requires, the higher the system DMA (Direct
Memory Access) overhead. Screens having higher resolutions and more
colors, in addition to having more data to process, have a higher impact
on system DMA (Direct Memory Access), i.e. the Amiga custom chips spend
more time accessing the RAM. The custom chips and the CPU (Central
Processing Unit, microprocessor) cannot access Chip RAM at the same time,
so the CPU must wait longer. This is why the RAM which is not accessed by
the custom chips is also called Fast RAM.

   The amount of Chip RAM required to store an image (or a brush) is
calculated in the same way. Bitmaps are also used for the undo buffers and
the stencil data (always only one bitplane).

   Sections 4.11 ("Memory information") and 10.1 ("Memory Shortage") have
more details on Personal Paint's use of memory, and how to reduce the
amount of memory used, when this is needed.

   Depending on the operating system, blocks of Chip memory are allocated
either for each bitplane individually, or for all bitplanes joined
together. The latter solution allows for faster processing by the blitter
(operating system version 3.0 and beyond), but requires even more
contiguous Chip RAM. "Contiguous RAM" means that a block of contiguous
free bytes must be available for the requested size. The indication on the
Workbench title bar may be misleading, as it usually represents the sum of
all free (and possibly non-contiguous, i.e. fragmented) blocks. The Shell
Avail command can be used for a more precise indication of occupied and
available RAM.


1.3.3      The AddMem Command

   Some memory expansion boards are not automatically recognized by the
Amiga. Some early Amiga 1000 RAM expansions fall into this group. When
these cards were developed, there was no standard for auto-configuration.
This section is dedicated to the owners of such cards.

   Very often, the use of the AddMem command is the only way to let the
computer know there is some additional memory available. The AddMem
instruction must be inserted at the beginning of the Startup-Sequence file
of all Workbench disks, including the Personal Paint disk (if it is used
as a boot disk). The AddMem file must be copied into the "c" directory of
the Workbench disks. The command must be followed by two hexadecimal (i.e.
numbers in base 16) numbers which tell the system where the additional
memory starts and ends. For some 1 Mbyte cards the command may be "AddMem
200000 2FFFFF".

   For other cards, employing different RAM linking software, the command
may be something like a simple "cRAM". The documentation which is enclosed
with the Amiga and with the memory expansion gives some more detailed
information on this process.


1.3.4      Peripheral Units

   Disk drives are peripheral storage units. These devices are slower than
RAM, but the data they contain is preserved after the computer is switched
off.

   The Amiga computer is marketed with at least one disk drive. Standard
Amiga drives read and write data on 3.5 inch disks. A 3.5" Amiga disk can
contain a minimum of about 880 kbytes, which means that dozens of high
resolution fonts can be stored on an empty disk. Newer Amigas employ disk
drives with at least twice that capacity. There are, of course, other
devices with different characteristics, like hard disks.

   A new disk, or a disk which contains unreadable data or data to be
deleted, must be formatted prior to use. The Amiga documentation explains
how to format a disk. The formatting process clears all the data
previously contained on the disk. Section 4.1 ("Load Image") explains how
to read and write MS-DOS disks on the Amiga. Section 10.2 ("Problems with
Disks") contains some additional suggestions regarding disks.


1.4        File Names and Titles

   A file is a generic expression for everything which can be stored:
programs, pictures, settings, text or other kinds of data.

   When a picture (or any other file) is saved for the first time it must
be given a name, which is called the file name. To load the picture again,
the same name must be written or chosen in a list displayed in the file
requester (section 3.4).

   AmigaDOS does not differentiate between upper and lower case letters. A
file named "Important" can be loaded as "iMpOrTaNt".

   The Amiga computer uses some abbreviations to identify its peripherals.
"RAM" is the name given to the device which stores its data into main
memory. "DF0" is the Amiga standard built-in disk drive. "DF1" is the
second disk drive. "DF2" and "DF3" are other drives which can be
plugged-in. "RAD" and "VD0" are similar to "RAM", but usually preserve
data after a system reset. "DH0", "HD0", "JH0"" are some of the names
which can be given to hard disks or partitions of hard disks, while "CC0"
and other names may be used for PCMCIA memory cards, "CD0" for CD-ROMs,
"ND0" for network connections, "PC0" for MS-DOS disks etc. These
abbreviations, which are also called device names, cannot (or, sometimes,
should not) be modified. Most devices have another name, called the volume
name, which can be freely set and modified. A disk, for example, can be
accessed either through its device name (e.g. "DF0") or through its volume
name (e.g. "Pictures").

   File, device and volume names cannot exceed 30 characters in length. It
is better not to use more than 25 characters for a file name, since the
Amiga operating system adds the five-character ".info" suffix to the file
name to create a graphical Workbench icon.

   It is very useful to append standard suffixes after file names. A
suffix is usually separated from the file name it refers to by a '.' sign.
A suffix helps the user to understand immediately what is contained in a
file, by reading only the file name. There are many standard suffixes:
"gif" for GIF-format picture files, "pcx" for those in the PCX format,
"pic" as a generic suffix for picture files, "bsh" for brushes and "set"
for Personal Paint settings files. Amiga suffixes are not limited to three
characters in length. This is, however, a common habit (and limitation) in
other PC environments.


1.5        Drawers

   The content of a disk can be logically grouped into parts. These parts
are often called "directories" or "drawers" (which are different from
"drives" and "drivers"). Personal Paint label directories with "(dir)" in
the file requester (section 3.4). In this guide, as in the official Amiga
documentation, "drawer" is more often used.

   A disk drawer is very similar to the more familiar drawer we know from
the "real" world. It is a container, which can contain both files and
other drawers.

   One can, for example, use one or more disks to store all the pictures
used with Personal Paint. The disk can, for example, contain drawers named
"Space", "Cars" and "SwimSuits". The "Space" drawer can again be divided
into "Stars" and "Technology" to separate astronomical observations from
spaceships, astronauts, etc. The drawers which do not contain other
drawers will contain all the pictures of their category. It is possible to
have different files having the same name, as long as they are stored in
different drawers.

   The "path" of a file contains all the information necessary to address
it (e.g. "DF0:Space/Technology/Shuttle.gif"). The Amiga handbooks explain
how to create a drawer, work with its content and interpret a path name.

   Some drawers, like "c", "libs", "l", "s" or "t" are reserved by the
Amiga operating system, and usually do not have an associated icon
(section 1.9.5). The "Empty" drawer can be duplicated, moved (into other
drawers too) and renamed to create new drawers. For this reason, it is
better not to write anything into the "Empty" drawer. The "New Drawer"
menu of the Workbench (version 2.0 and beyond) can also be used to create
a new drawer.


1.6        Backup Copies

   Backup copies of disks should be made as often as possible,
particularly if the disks contain important information. If a disk is
pulled out of its drive while the computer is still writing onto it (the
drive light is on), it is very likely that there will be a loss of data.
The same will happen if the computer is switched off or there is a power
black-out during a disk write. Section 10.2 ("Problems with Disks")
describes other problems and possible solutions.

   The Amiga operating system displays an error message if it is
impossible to read a disk's content properly. If this happens, using the
backup copy of the damaged disk may be the only way to recover the lost
data. If the disk is new, or if it contains unreadable data, or data which
is to be deleted, it must be initialized (formatted) before it is
(re)used. The Amiga documentation explains how to format (initialize) a
disk or make a copy of it. It is not necessary to format a disk before
using it as the target of a disk-copy operation.

   The use of non-system copying programs may cause some problems. The
Amiga operating system cannot distinguish between two identical disks.
Many programs used to make counterfeit copies of software produce such
kinds of identical disks. The insertion or removal of two identical disks
may cause a system error or deadlock. Two identical disks generated by
non-system copiers should never be in the drives at the same time. The
Amiga "DiskCopy" program inserts information like a serial number and time
data into the copied disks to distinguish them from the source disk.

   It is important that the source disk be write-protected before a backup
copy is made. This is the only way to make sure that the original disk is
not mistaken for the backup disk. This could lead to the destruction of
the data which has to be protected.

   Personal Paint can be copied with the standard Amiga copying programs.
The conditions under which a copy can be made are contained in the
agreement (Appendix E), which must be approved before the program can be
used. It is not safe to experiment with the original disks of Personal
Paint. A backup copy should be used instead. If any errors occur, the
original disks can be used to make a new work disk. It is also preferable
not to store any data (e.g. new pictures or other information) on the
original Personal Paint disks, as these are nearly 100% full of programs,
pictures and other data. The remaining disk space is necessary to store
the program's configuration files.

   Some disk-copying programs change the name of the copy. For example,
the copy of the "PPaint" disk could be named "Copy of PPaint". If this
occurs, the "Copy of " (including the space after "of") prefix should be
removed to restore the original name. This can be done with the Workbench
Rename command.


1.7        "Virus" Programs

   Some programs which can interfere with normal system activity are
described here. The activity of the so called "Virus" programs resembles
their biological homonyms. The difference between "viruses", "worms" and
other subspecies will not be discussed here, and they will all be
described as "viruses". Several virus programs for the Amiga exist. Some
virus programs load themselves from an "infected" Workbench disk. Other
programs are activated from an apparently normal program, which certainly
has obscure origins.

   Not all virus programs damage disk-resident data. Many programs remain
hidden in main memory for most of the time. Some programs simply display a
message containing the name of the "programmer" who wrote it, while others
save a copy of the virus onto every inserted disk. One program suddenly
darkens the display. Many viruses interfere with normal disk or printer
activity. Some programs can mess up an entire hard disk, for example
adding a few bytes at the end of every accessed file.

   Many rumors concerning viruses are not true. It is impossible for a
virus program to modify the content of a write-protected disk. The
registers of a standard Amiga battery backed-up clock cannot be used to
store a virus program.

   Virus programs can remain in RAM for some seconds after the computer
has been switched off. The Amiga should be left off for at least 30
seconds to make sure a RAM-resident virus is removed. A
<Commodore>+<Amiga>+<Ctrl> system reset usually never removes the virus
program, but in many cases activates it, so that it can copy itself on the
next Workbench disk inserted. It is always better to keep Workbench and
other read-only disks write-protected. A backup copy (if authorized) of
every new program disk should be made. The computer should be switched off
after a "borrowed" piece of software has been run.

   A virus program can become dangerous only if it is loaded. A
"boot-block" virus is automatically loaded when the system boots up. The
AmigaDOS "Install" command is usually sufficient to remove such a program
from the disk. Both "Install" and some viruses can interfere with the copy
protection scheme used by some commercial programs, which may then not
work any more. Some viruses insert a call to themselves into the
Startup-Sequence. (The AmigaDOS "Install" command mentioned here should
not be confused with the install sequence of Personal Paint, described in
section 1.13.1.)

   Some apparently normal programs, like a few AmigaDOS "dir"-like
programs, activate a virus. Many illegally copied disks contain viruses.
One infected disk in a clandestine reproduction center may be sufficient
to activate a chain reaction.

   Link-viruses insert or append themselves in normal program files, where
they remain inactive until the other program is loaded. Many viruses
replace Amiga system functions with some of their own, which may even
appear to work normally for a long time, until some event triggers an
unexpected type of action.

   Several commercially available programs detect and remove viruses, both
on disk and in RAM. There are also quite safe and inexpensive "public
domain", "freeware" and "shareware" programs, like "VirusZ",
"VirusChecker", "VirusX", "AntiCicloVir", "LVD", "BootX" etc., which are
regularly updated.

   Some RAM-resident "antivirus" programs are very similar to viruses. In
fact they can even hide a virus. No program can determine if another
program has "good" or "bad" intentions, especially if the "good" program
reproduces itself like a virus. For this reason, a program which is not
(officially) a virus may be detected and signalled as a virus.


1.8        System Errors

   The Amiga operating system, like most other complex programs, is not
completely error-free. In some particular circumstances, as when there is
very little free memory left, some unexpected things can happen. This can
lead to a "Software Error" message (which on older versions of the
operating system could end with a "Guru Meditation" alert).

   Some programs, or combinations of programs running at the same time,
can also cause such errors. Each version of Personal Paint has to pass
months of hard testing before it can be marketed. Nevertheless, it is
sometimes possible for a system error or another program to lock Personal
Paint.

   The first thing to do when a "Software Error" message appears is to
store all the work which could be lost if the content of the RAM is
deleted. It is very dangerous to press the "Cancel" button of the
requester before the work has been saved.

   After the current work has been saved, all running programs should be
terminated. Then all disks should be pulled out of their drives, and the
computer must be switched off. This is to make sure that a virus program,
if present, is removed from memory.

   Some Amiga programs do not have any screen depth arrangement gadgets.
It may sometimes be necessary to display another screen when one of these
programs has its own screen open. The Workbench screen always comes to the
front when the <Commodore>+<N> keys are pressed. <Commodore>+<M> can be
used starting with version 2.0 of the operating system to cycle through
different screens. Otherwise, Personal Paint can be brought to the front
by holding down <Shift> while a disk is ejected. Other Cloanto programs
use the <Help> key for this purpose.

   Sometimes, when the system is short of memory, an "Alert" message is
displayed in place of a requester. The color of the alert message is red
for all versions of the operating system until 1.3. From version 2.0
alerts are displayed in other colors (green, orange, etc.), while red is
reserved for the more serious "Guru Meditation" (this funny name has also
been changed in newer versions of the operating system) and other
emergency messages. When Personal Paint cannot find enough memory to open
a requester it displays a message. Other programs may be terminated, or
windows may be closed, to try to free some memory. Alert messages can be
removed by pressing any mouse button.


1.9        The User Interface

   The physical, sensorial and intellectual space between the computer and
the user is called "user interface". The user interface can frighten or
excite the first-time computer user. The user interface can frustrate or
stimulate a computer operator.

   The Amiga user interface uses graphics, menus, requesters, gadgets, a
keyboard and a mouse to make the approach to the machine as intuitive as
possible. Personal Paint has been designed in order to surround the user
who paints or performs image processing with an environment as simple and
complete as possible. It was possible to refine the user interface thanks
to the feedback of an unusually large test group and a multitude of
interviews.


1.9.1      Screens and Windows

   The computer display contains one or more screens of the programs which
are running. Each screen can contain several windows (which can overlap),
requesters and gadgets. Each screen may have its own resolution and
colors.

   Personal Paint adapts itself to the graphic environment when it opens
its screens. The program accesses the system Display Database to get a
list of available screen modes, their sizes and maximum number of colors.
On systems where the Display Database is unavailable (before version 2),
other methods are employed.

   When the screen is first opened, a default resolution and number of
colors is used. This can be modified manually, or by loading an image. The
program's default initial settings can also be redefined, as explained in
section 1.14 and appendix C. The format of the displayed image does not
need to be identical with the format of the screen in which it is
displayed. An image larger than the screen can be scrolled (section 3.2).
Sections 4.1 and 4.5.2 have more on the different screen modes.

   Sometimes, when some models of the Amiga are switched on, the power
supply frequency may not be recognized correctly, so that a 200 line NTSC
Workbench screen is opened on a PAL system (which normally supports 256
lines). This usually does not happen very frequently. It should be noted
that PAL and NTSC modes are not necessarily linked to the power supply
frequency. It is possible, for example, to refresh a NTSC screen 60 times
every second with a power supply frequency of 50 Hz, if the display device
can recognize the video frequencies correctly.

   A window can be as large as a screen, or much smaller. If it is
smaller, it can be dragged around the screen with the mouse. Personal
Paint has a main window as large as the screen, and other windows
(requesters) used to set the different program parameters. The screen of
Personal Paint can also be dragged with the mouse when the pointer is over
the title bar.


1.9.2      The Mouse and the Pointer

   The mouse is a pointing device connected to the computer. A pointer can
be moved on the screen by using the mouse. The pointer is a graphical
symbol (by default an arrow) displayed on the screen. When the mouse is
moved on the desk, the pointer moves in the same direction. The Amiga
documentation explains how to modify the standard pointer image, its size
(on Advanced Graphics Architecture systems) and the speed at which the
pointer reacts to mouse movements.

   Personal Paint exploits the middle mouse button of three-button mice,
if available. This function (mainly used to move the image) can be
emulated by pressing <Alt> plus the left mouse button.

   Personal Paint uses different pointer images to inform the user about
what can be done with the mouse at a particular position on the screen
(e.g. select a tool, pick a color, fill, define a brush, etc.).


1.9.3      Requesters

   A requester is a particular kind of window which can contain text,
buttons (also "gadgets", or "tools") and sliders ("knobs", or
"proportional gadgets") which can be set by means of the mouse to change
system or program settings.


1.9.4      Gadgets

   A gadget can be selected with the mouse. To select a gadget, the mouse
pointer must be moved over the gadget and the left mouse button must be
pressed.

   Personal Paint has one or more gadgets at the top right corner of its
screen. The gadgets can be used to move the screen to the back or to the
front of other screens. These are the default Amiga gadgets for screen
depth arrangement, and may vary depending on the version of the Amiga
operating system.

   Gadgets are also used in requesters and in association with the most
used drawing and image processing tools. These are displayed on the left
of the main window, and are explained in detail in Chapter 3.


1.9.4.1    Action Gadgets, Check Boxes and Cycle Gadgets

   Action gadgets perform a specific operation when selected. They may be
used to perform a graphical operation, or open a requester for selecting
some parameters. The gadgets which are displayed on the Tool Bar (section
3.1) may activate different options depending on the mouse button (left or
right) which is used and the part of the gadget (upper or lower half)
which is selected.

   Check boxes toggle from being blank to containing a checkmark. They
represent options which may either be turned on or off.

   Cycle gadgets are used to choose an option from a series of several
possibilities. A "cycle" symbol appears on the left of the gadget. The
text which is displayed in the gadget indicates the currently selected
option. Repeated selections of the gadget select the following options. If
<Shift> is held down during the selections, the order in which the options
appear is reversed.


1.9.4.2    Sliders and Scroll Gadgets

   Sliders (proportional gadgets) are used to set a value from a given
range (color intensity, sound volume, etc.) While the graphical knob of
the gadget is selected, it can be moved with the mouse, increasing or
reducing the associated value. Clicking in the box which contains the knob
increases or decreases the value by a single unit. This may be especially
useful if the resolution of the pointing device (mouse, trackball, etc.)
is too "grainy" to pick the knob and move it by one unit at a time.

   Scroll gadgets are sliders which are used to scroll up or down a view
of a longer list of items. Two scroll-arrow gadgets are used to move in
fine steps. Sections 3.1.8 and 3.4 explain in more detail the use of
scroll gadgets to move around a magnified image, and scroll the list of
files in the file requester.


1.9.4.3    Text Gadgets

   Text gadgets (also "string" gadgets) are yet another kind of gadget.
After a text gadget has been selected, the text which is contained in the
gadget can be modified using the keyboard. The existing text should be
deleted before the new text is entered. Text gadgets are used, for
example, to manually type the name of a file. A text gadget is "activated"
when the cursor is displayed in it. A text gadget can be activated by
selecting it with the mouse.

   The Amiga operating system interprets some keyboard shortcuts to edit
the text contained in text gadgets. <Amiga>+<X> can be used to clear all
the text in the text gadget, while <Amiga>+<Q> restores the initial text.
To enter these shortcuts, the <Amiga> key to the right of the <Space> bar
has to be held down while the other key is pressed.

   There is a limit to the maximum number of characters that will fit in
each text gadget. If more characters are typed than the text gadget can
contain, the screen will flash to signal an overflow. If this happens, the
content of the text gadget must be deleted (or at least made shorter) with
the <BS> or <Del> keys before the new text can be typed from the keyboard.
Some text gadgets only accept numerical characters. These are called
numerical (or "integer") gadgets. If a letter is typed in a numerical
gadget, the screen will flash, and the character will not be accepted. The
maximum number of characters which fit in such a gadget is generally
designed so that unacceptable (too big) values cannot even be typed. This
means that there is little margin for editing the text, and the screen
will frequently flash to signal that it is necessary to delete the
previous number before typing the new one.


1.9.5      Icons

   The Workbench program of the Amiga operating system uses another type
of gadget: icons. Icons can be associated to disks, drawers and files. An
application may use custom-designed icons, which occupy a small amount of
disk space in so-called ".info" files. Files or drawers without an
explicitly associated icon may be displayed with default Workbench icons
(version 2 and beyond of the operating system), or be accessed through the
Shell interface.

   Personal Paint can associate different kinds of icons with the files
that are saved (e.g. pictures, brushes or settings files). All icons have
been designed for optimum performance on the Amiga filing systems. Almost
900 Personal Paint file icons will fit on a standard 880 kbyte disk.
Section 8.9 explains how Personal Paint can be programmed to save its
default icons, if so desired.

   Both the images and other attributes (Default Tool, Tool Types) of the
default icons used by Personal Paint can be modified by editing the icons
stored in the PPaint_Icons drawers (there are drawers containing icons
suitable for different Workbench colors).


1.9.6      Menus

   The Amiga menu system offers an easy way to explore a program and
select from many different functions without having to remember difficult
commands. In addition to gadgets, menus are the simplest and most complete
method of selecting a command with Personal Paint.

   When the mouse pointer is over the title bar (or over the first line of
the screen, if the title bar is not displayed), and the right mouse button
(the menu button) is pressed, the menu bar is displayed.

   The menu bar contains a list of topics, called menus. When the mouse
pointer is moved onto a topic of the menu bar (with the menu button still
held down), a list of menu items appears below the menu name. An item can
have a subitem list. The subitem list is displayed when the mouse pointer
is moved over the menu item. To execute the program function associated
with a menu item or subitem, the mouse menu button must be released when
the mouse pointer is over the desired item. If a menu item has a
command-key shortcut, the appropriate command-key sequence has the same
effect as the menu selection. More than one item at a time can be selected
by pressing the select mouse button (the left mouse button) when the mouse
pointer is over the desired items, without releasing the menu button.

   When the menu button is pressed, the titles of the different menus are
displayed in the title bar. The following are the chapters in which their
content is discussed:

     Chapter 4 - Personal Paint: The Project Menu
     Chapter 5 - Personal Paint: The Brush Menu
     Chapter 6 - Personal Paint: The Text Menu
     Chapter 7 - Personal Paint: The Color Menu
     Chapter 8 - Personal Paint: The Settings Menu

   When a menu item is selected with the right mouse button, a program
function is executed (or a requester is displayed). If the menu button is
released when the mouse pointer is not over a menu item, nothing happens.

   When a menu brings up a requester, its name is followed by three dots,
whereas an arrow to the right of the menu item's name indicates that a
list of subitems would appear if that item were highlighted.

   Some menu items, called "attribute items" (like "Brush Handle" and
"Color Remapping") can have a checkmark to the left of the text. Menu
attribute items remain "checkmarked" until they are deselected by
selecting another item.

   If the program "knows" that it would not make sense to select a menu
item, that particular item is disabled. Disabled menu items are displayed
in a "ghosted" fashion. The text normally displayed in the menu item is
overlaid with a faint pattern of dots. A disabled menu item cannot be
selected with the mouse. The "Brush" and "Text" menus are among those
containing items which can be automatically disabled by the program. For
example, "Save Brush" is disabled when the brush mode is not active.

   It is often faster and more efficient to press one or two keys on the
keyboard rather than move a hand from the keyboard to the mouse. A
keyboard shortcut which can be used instead of the mouse selection appears
on the right of the most used menu items. In Personal Paint for the Amiga
computer these menu items are followed by a reference to a single key (and
an optional qualifier, like <Amiga>, <Alt>, etc.) The same functions which
can be recalled using menus can be selected by pressing the indicated key.
It is important that the key is typed exactly as displayed on the right of
the menu, since upper and lower case keys are interpreted differently and
used for different functions.

   Little "qualifier"-key symbols may precede the keyboard shortcut,
indicating that another key (<Shift>, <Alt>, <Ctrl>, <Amiga>) must be held
down when the shortcut-key is pressed. The "Num" symbol indicates that the
shortcut which follows must be typed from the separate numerical keyboard.
Not all Amiga models have a numerical keyboard. This option does not apply
to the upper four keys of the keypad (which cannot be distinguished from
the other keys having the same symbols).

   A warning requester appears if the selected function could overwrite a
stored file, or cause the irrecoverable loss of any kind of data which has
not been saved.

   Appendix B lists the default keyboard shortcuts associated to menu
items. The user interface files may be freely viewed and modified (i.e.
new or different shortcuts can be set). Section 1.14 explains how to apply
such changes.

   A detailed explanation of all menus and the associated commands and
requesters follows in Chapters 4 to 8.


1.10       The Keyboard

   The Amiga keyboard has different types of keys. Graphical keys have an
associated character. Other keys (<Shift>, <Alt>, <Ctrl>, <Commodore>,
<Amiga>) work only if they are held down when another key is pressed.
So-called "dead keys" are used to modify the output of the next-pressed
key. Most dead keys are used to specify that a diacritical sign is to be
placed on the next character typed. Other keys are associated to program
or system functions (<Caps Lock>, cursor keys, <Tab>, <Return>, <BS>,
<Del>, <Help>, <Esc> and function keys).


1.10.1     The SetMap Command

   The Amiga computers are manufactured with different keyboards, designed
to match local languages. When using operating system versions prior to
2.1, an appropriate "SetMap" command must be put in the Startup-Sequence
to tell the system which keyboard is connected to the computer. The Amiga
documentation explains this process in more detail. Starting with version
2.1, the Keyboard Type can be chosen from a list using the system's Input
Preferences.

   If no SetMap command is executed on systems where it is required, the
Amiga behaves as if a standard USA keyboard is connected. If a wrong
SetMap argument (corresponding to a keyboard which is not the one
connected to the computer) is given, the Amiga interprets and displays the
characters of the selected keyboard, rather than those of the real
keyboard.

   When the Workbench disk of Personal Paint ("PPaint" disk) is
reconfigured by double-clicking on one of the language icons (e.g.
"English", "Deutsch", "Italiano", etc.), an appropriate "Startup-PPLclExe"
file is moved to the "s" directory of that disk. This file contains a
"SetMap" command which instructs the Amiga to recognize the most used
keyboard in the country to which the selected configuration file refers.
"SetMap d", for example, is used to work with a German keyboard, while
"SetMap f" instructs the Amiga to work with a French keyboard.

   After the initial configuration, the line of the "Startup-PPLclExe"
file containing the SetMap command may be changed if the argument (i.e.
the language code appearing after the command) does not match the keyboard
being used. A word processor like Personal Write can be used to modify the
file, as long as the file is saved in ASCII or ANSI X3.64 format.

   Some programs are not designed to work with non-USA keyboards. These
programs directly translate key position codes into characters, using a
program-internal conversion table. The SetMap command has no effect on the
behavior of these programs.

   Some keyboards have the <Y> and <Z> keys reversed. The command "Nimm3
-y" can be written after the SetMap (but not "SetMap usa") command to swap
the two keys. Nimm3 is a utility available from Cloanto.

   The correct SetMap command, if required by the operating system, must
be inserted in the Startup-Sequence of every Workbench disk which is
used.


1.10.2     Graphical Keys

   Graphical keys are the keys which can be used to display letters,
numerals and other signs. Graphical keys are used in Personal Paint's Text
Editor (Section 3.1.3.1 and Chapter 6), to edit the content of text
gadgets, and as command shortcuts. When a graphical key is pressed while a
text gadget is activated, the associated character is written and the
cursor is moved to the next character position.

   Graphical keys are automatically "repeated" if they are held down for a
while. The initial repeat delay and the interval between repetitions can
be set with the "Preferences" program (Input Preferences, in version 2 of
the operating system), as described in the Amiga documentation.


1.10.3     Accents

   Some keyboards have one or more accent keys. Accent keys can be used
during text editing or in string gadgets. Keys with accents (and other
diacritical signs) must be pressed immediately before (not at the same
time as) the key whose output has to be changed.

   If the grave accent key (<\>) and the acute accent key (</>) are
pressed in sequence, a circumflex accent is placed on the following
character.

   Special combinations of keys can be used if the keyboard does not have
accent keys to access diacritical signs directly. The keys <Alt> + <F>,
<G>, <H>, <J>, <K> respectively put on the following character an acute
accent, a grave accent, a circumflex accent, a tilde or a dieresis
(umlaut). The <Alt> key must be pressed when one of the above letters is
typed. The character on which the diacritical sign is to be put has to be
typed separately, after the <Alt>+key combination.

   Some Amiga fonts may lack accented characters, i.e., in general, the
characters whose code in the computer's character set is greater than 126.
This does not affect the Personal Paint user interface (which employs its
own font) but may be a limitation when using the text editor. Where these
characters are required, if no other font is available, the existing font
should be modified with a program like the Personal Fonts Maker.


1.10.4     The <Shift> Keys

   On most keyboards an outline of an upward-arrow is drawn on the <Shift>
keys, while on other keyboards "Shift" is written on the keys. The two
keys are on the extreme left and right of the row of keys just over the
<Space> bar. There is no functional difference between the two <Shift>
keys.

   When a graphical key is hit while <Shift> is pressed, an upper case
letter, or the character drawn on the upper part of the keytop cover are
sent to the computer.

   If <Shift> is held down while a cycle gadget is selected (section
1.9.4.1), it is set to the previous of the available options, rather than
to the following one. In any one of multiple text gadgets,
<Shift>+<Return> moves the cursor to the previous gadget, rather than to
the following one.

   When the <Shift> key is held down, the cursor keys move the image pixel
by pixel (section 3.2), rather than in larger steps. In text editing mode
(section 3.1.3.1), shifted cursor keys are used to jump to the first or
last character of the line (or line of the text).

   If <Shift> is held down when working with a painting tool, mouse
movements are confined to the vertical or horizontal axis, depending on
the direction in which the mouse is first moved after pressing the key.

   If <Shift> is pressed when a disk is ejected from its drive, Personal
Paint pops up to the front of other screens. This is an emergency solution
to be used if other programs do not allow their screens to be moved to the
back. This may seem an idiosyncrasy of the software, but the "Disk
Ejected" message is one of the very few which the Amiga operating system
transmits to programs even when their window is not the active one.

   This key is a valid qualifier for keyboard shortcuts (section 1.14),
but should only be used for keys which do not have a different graphical
representation for the shifted key.


1.10.5     The <Alt> Keys

   The two <Alt> keys are just under the <Shift> keys. There is no
functional difference between the two <Alt> keys, except in the
<Ctrl>+<Left Alt> combination used for grabbing screens (section 4.4).

   The alternate ("Alt") characters associated with the keys which are hit
are sent to the computer while <Alt> is pressed. The alternate characters
do not usually appear on the keyboard, but they are described in the
handbooks and can be displayed with the "KeyShow" (or "KeyToy") program.
Several accents, special and national characters can be accessed with the
<Alt> key.

   Holding down <Alt> when pressing the left mouse button has the same
effect as using the middle button of three-button mice.

   This key is a valid qualifier for keyboard shortcuts (section 1.14).


1.10.6     The <Ctrl> Key

   The <Ctrl> key is on the far left of the keyboard.

   Grab Screen (section 4.4) responds to this key, when pressed at the
same time as the left <Alt>. With the left mouse button, it is used to
move the offset of some types of overscan screens (sections 3.2 and
4.5.1).

   This key is a valid qualifier for keyboard shortcuts (section 1.14).


1.10.7     The <Commodore> (or <Left Amiga>) Key

   The <Commodore> key is on the left of the <Space> bar. On some
keyboards there is a full Amiga-like 'A', while on other keyboards there
is a Commodore sign.

   The <Commodore> key is used to recall some functions of the Amiga
operating system. <Commodore>+<N> brings the Workbench screen in front of
all other screens. <Commodore>+<M> moves the screen into the background.
In version 2.0 and beyond of the operating system, <Commodore>+<M> flips
from one screen to the next, without any distinction for the Workbench
screen.


1.10.8     The <Amiga> Key

   The <Amiga> key is on the right of the <Space> bar. An outline of the
letter 'A' appears on the key.

   A graphical key can be pressed while the <Amiga> key is held down to
execute a command in a text gadget (section 1.9.5.3).

   This key is a valid qualifier for keyboard shortcuts (section 1.14),
and is well-suited for shortcuts to be entered during a text editing
session (where other qualifiers would cause a character to be typed,
rather than be executed as a command).


1.10.9     The <Caps Lock> Key

   The <Caps Lock> key, located between the <Ctrl> and the letter keys is
the only key with a small light.

   Whenever the key is pressed, the light changes state: from on to off,
and vice versa. When the light is on, the keyboard behaves as if a <Shift>
key is pressed. <Caps Lock>, unlike <Shift>, works only on letter-keys.
However, it can be made to work on all keys, by using "Nimm3 -c" (section
1.10.1).


1.10.10    The Cursor Keys

   The four cursor keys are on the left of the numeric keypad.

   The cursor keys can be used to scroll the image in the selected
direction, or move the text cursor in editing mode. Section 1.10.4
describes the effect of the <Shift> key on these operations.

   When a cursor key is pressed briefly, the cursor (or the image) moves
by one position in the indicated direction. If the key is held down, the
cursor (or image) continues to move, pausing between each step. The delay
between the repetitions can be set with the system Input Preferences.

   In string gadgets (as in text editing mode) the cursor cannot be moved
more than one position beyond the end of the text. If the <Shift> key is
held down while one of the two cursor keys is pressed, the cursor will
jump to the farthest possible position in the specified direction.


1.10.11    The <Tab> Key

   The <Tab> (from "Tabulate" and "Tabulator") key is just over the <Ctrl>
key. There are usually arrows on the key, but the earlier keyboards have
"Tab" written on the keytop.

   In text editing mode, <Tab> brings the character under the cursor to
the column whose number is the next multiple of eight.


1.10.12    The <Return> Key

   The <Return> (from "carriage return") key is on the right of the letter
keys. Personal Paint interprets the <Enter> key on the numerical pad like
the <Return> key, unless otherwise specified by a specific custom shortcut
definition (section 1.14).

   When a requester contains only the OK gadget, the <Return> key can be
pressed to remove the requester.

   If a requester has only two gadgets (Proceed and Cancel), pressing the
<Return> key is equivalent to selecting Proceed. The <Esc> key can be used
to choose Cancel.


1.10.13    The <BS> Key

   The <BS> (from "Back-Space") is just over the <Return> key. Some
keyboards have a left-arrow on the keycap, while others have "BackSpace"
printed on the key.

   In text editing mode (or when a text gadget is active), <BS> moves the
cursor onto the preceding character, which is deleted.


1.10.14    The <Del> Key

   The <Del> (from "delete") key is on the right of the <BS> key.

   When <Del> is pressed in text editing mode, or while a text gadget is
active, the character under the cursor is deleted. The cursor is not
moved.

   During graphical operations, <Del> can be used to toggle between the
hidden and the displayed status of the cross-shaped mouse pointer.


1.10.15    The <Help> Key

   The <Help> key is on the right of the letter keys.

   <Help> resets the default program colors. It also works in the
requesters used for setting and adjusting colors.


1.10.16    The <Esc> Key

   The <Esc> (from "escape") key, at the top left of the keyboard, can be
used to terminate the text editing session (section 3.1.3.1) or leaving a
requester containing only one or two gadgets.

   When a requester contains only the OK gadget, the <Esc> key can be
pressed to remove the requester (exactly like <Return>).

   When a requester having only two gadgets (Proceed and Cancel) is
displayed, pressing the <Esc> key is equivalent to selecting the Cancel
gadget. The <Return> key can be used to choose Proceed.


1.10.17    The Numerical Keypad

   This part of the keyboard duplicates the keys which are most used in a
numerical context. Not all Amiga computers have this keypad (which is
located on the far right of the keyboard).

   As the number of functions to which a keyboard shortcut can be assigned
increases, "free" keys become a precious resource. At a certain point, it
becomes useful to differentiate between those keys which appear twice on
the keyboard. As explained in sections 1.9.6 and 1.14, the keys on the
numerical keyboard (except those belonging to the first row) can be given
a special treatment.

   For example, the digits on the numerical keypad are very useful for
quickly selecting one of the nine possible user-defined brushes (section
3.1.1).


1.10.18    The Function Keys

   The ten function keys are aligned in the topmost row of the keyboard,
over the letter keys. The keys are numbered from <F1> to <F10>.

   Personal Paint accepts the use of function keys as a shortcut to select
certain program functions, as explained in section 1.14 and Appendix B.

   If the <F1> key is held down while Personal Paint is starting, the
memory save mode (section 1.12) is activated.


1.11       Environment Variables and Standard Drawers

   Several program functions which access data on peripheral devices such
as disks, have default paths where they read or write data unless
specified otherwise by the user. The original disk on which the Personal
Paint program and some data files are stored is named "PPaint". "PPaint"
is therefore the volume name which appears at the beginning of the default
paths (section 1.5) used by Personal Paint. Personal Paint also uses
standard drawer names, like "PPaint_Prefs" or "Pictures", to access
different kinds of data.

   As described in section 1.13 (automatic installation), Personal Paint
and the other files can easily be installed or moved onto a volume other
than the "PPaint" disk. If the material on the PPaint disk is moved all
together, it is sufficient to execute a command like "Assign PPaint:
NewPosition". If, for example, Personal Paint is installed inside a drawer
called "PPaint", on the partition of a hard disk with the default "Work"
name, the command will be

      Assign PPaint: Work:PPaint

   Section 1.5 ("Drawers") explains how to create a new drawer. The
"Assign" command should be put in the User-Startup file or at the
beginning of the Startup-Sequence file of the disk from which the system
is booted (e.g. the hard disk). The "Assign PPaint: ..." command tells the
Amiga operating system where to search for the data addressed through the
"PPaint" name. The new location is called a logical device, as opposed to
physical devices like disks. In this way, the data can be found even if it
is no longer on the disk called "PPaint". The "Assign" command may fail if
a volume (e.g. a disk) called "PPaint" is in use (e.g. currently inserted,
or used as the boot disk) while the command is executed, as it is
impossible to define a new path for a name currently in use. A physical
device called "PPaint" always has priority over a logical device with the
same name. This means that if "PPaint" has been defined with the "Assign"
command, and a "PPaint" disk is currently in a drive, the disk will be
accessed rather than the logical device.

   Section 9.1 explains how to use the AskAssign program to create drawers
and assign logical names using the mouse, rather than the AmigaDOS
"Assign" command. Sections 1.12 and 1.13 respectively describe
configuration and installation of Personal Paint. Advanced configuration
is described in section 1.14.

   The most simple manual way to copy PPaint and the data files and
drawers to a new device is by using the mouse. All Personal Paint files
and drawers have an associated Workbench icon. Moving the files to a new
position is as easy as moving their icons. Experience teaches that it is
convenient to dedicate a disk or a drawer to the Personal Paint files and
drawers. This may, for example, be a "PPaint" drawer on a hard disk. If
only part of a drawer is to be copied to a new location, a new drawer with
the same name can be created (as described in section 1.5) and the
requested files from the source drawer can be copied separately.

   Before Personal Paint is first run after it has been installed on a new
device, the "PPaint" logical device must be appropriately defined with the
"Assign" command, as described at the beginning of this section. This can
be done by typing the correct "Assign" command in the Shell, or re-booting
the system from a device having a "Startup-Sequence" or "User-Startup"
file containing the "Assign" command.


1.12       Configuring and Loading Personal Paint

   Personal Paint and several support programs and data files are stored
on a 3.5" disk or on CD-ROM. Pictures, color fonts and other files may be
stored on additional disks. Colorful pictures, animations and stereograms
occupy most of Personal Paint's second disk. This second disk may be, at
random, any disk from a collection of disks which can be enclosed with the
product as well as circulate separately.

   Personal Paint is also available on CD-ROM. The Cloanto Personal Suite
CD-ROM includes Personal Paint, plus Personal Fonts Maker 1 & 2, Personal
Write, SBase Personal, utilities, plus hundreds of Mbytes of pictures,
animations and stereograms.

   Before the program is configured or used, a backup copy of the disks
should be made, to be used instead of the original disks. This operation
is described in section 1.6.

   The computer must be switched on and be operating properly in order to
load Personal Paint. If the insertion of the Kickstart disk is requested
(on the Amiga 1000), the Kickstart disk must be inserted in drive 0. Then,
the system Workbench disk must be inserted to boot the Amiga. Personal
Paint works with Kickstart version 1.2 and beyond. Version 1.3 (or higher)
of the Workbench disk contains all other library files which the program
needs to run. This does not imply that version 1.3 of the system ROM or
the Kickstart disk are needed. The program works fine with a 1.2 ROM (or
Kickstart disk) and a 1.3 Workbench disk.

   If the computer has sufficient RAM, Personal Paint can be loaded from
the Workbench or Shell, as described in the Amiga documentation. When the
Workbench icon of Personal Paint is selected, or the command "PPaint" is
given in the Shell, the program is loaded. If the computer has less than 1
Mbyte of Chip RAM, the Workbench screen is closed automatically to save
memory, and is reopened after exiting from Personal Paint (or manually, as
explained in section 8.16).

   Personal Paint is also loaded when an icon of a picture or data file
saved by Personal Paint is selected (double-clicking the left mouse button
when the pointer is over the icon). In this case, Personal Paint also
loads the selected data (a picture, brush, animation etc.).

   The syntax to load Personal Paint from the Amiga Shell is the following
(the square brackets indicate that an optional data file name can be
written):

     PPaint [data-file]

   If a program is started from within a Shell window, the window can
often be closed only after the program terminates. This can be avoided
(i.e. the window can be closed during the execution of Personal Paint) if
the program is started with the following command format:

     Run >NIL: <NIL: PPaint >NIL: <NIL: [data-file]

   If the program cannot start, it returns an error code. If Personal
Paint is run from the Shell, one of the following error codes will be
returned:

     Code    Meaning

     21      "Intuition.library" cannot be opened.
     22      "Icon.library" cannot be opened.
     23      "DiskFont.library" cannot be opened.
     24      "Graphic.library" cannot be opened.
     25      "Layers.library" cannot be opened.
     26      Screen cannot be opened.
     27      Insufficient memory for initial allocation.
     28      Main window cannot be opened.

   Appendix A contains a complete listing of program messages, explained
in detail.

   There are some tricks to further reduce the consumption of memory,
which are especially useful when less than 1 Mbyte of Chip RAM is
available. The boot procedure should be interrupted as soon as possible by
pressing <D> while the <Ctrl> key is held down. If the Workbench program
has not been loaded (i.e. if no disk icon appears under the window after
it is made smaller with the mouse) it has to be loaded by typing "LoadWB".
Then the window must be closed by typing "EndCLI" (these commands can also
be written entirely in lower case). The PPaint disk icon must be
double-clicked to open the window containing the PPaint program icon. At
this point, Personal Paint can be started by double-clicking the program
icon. As soon as the mouse pointer turns back into its standard arrow
image (from the busy mode image), the window containing the PPaint program
icon should be closed by clicking the gadget on the upper left of the
window. This requires a quick reaction, but saves additional memory.
Personal Paint will automatically close the Workbench screen to save even
more memory. All these measures ensure that Personal Paint can be used as
normally as possible in low-memory conditions. Personal Paint will work
even if it is loaded in a different way, but when memory is so precious it
is always preferable to have as much of it as possible free for use by the
program.

   When Personal Paint is loaded, it searches for the "Startup_1.set" and
"Startup_2.set" files in the "PPaint:PPaint_Prefs" drawer to determine the
initial settings of the two environments. If these files cannot be
accessed or if they contain errors, internal default settings will be
used. The lower-priority "Startup_A.set" file (which contains information
on the user interface language), and different "UIColors" (user interface
colors) files, are also checked.


1.13       Installing Personal Paint

   This section explains how to integrate Personal Paint into the hardware
and software environment in which the program is to be used. All
information necessary to move Personal Paint to a device other than the
disks on which the program is originally stored can also be found here. In
particular, the subsection at the end of this section explains how to use
the InstallPPaint program, which automatically copies all files which are
necessary to work with Personal Paint to a destination selected by the
user.

   If Personal Paint is copied to another storage unit (e.g. another
disk), some support files must also be copied (if not already present) to
the new media. Personal Paint cannot work without these files:

     FONTS:Personal.font, or PPaint:Fonts/Personal.font
     FONTS:Personal/8, or PPaint:Fonts/Personal/8
     PPaint:PPaint_Prefs/UIGraphics.pic
     PPaint:PPaint_Prefs/UIText.xxx

   The following files are required only by certain functions (PPaint will
load even if the files cannot be found):

     PPaint:PPaint_Prefs/UIColors.num
     PPaint:PPaint_Prefs/Startup_x.set
     PPaint:PPaint_Icons_x/def_iconname
     PPaint:PPaint_PS
     CloantoAudio (root of disk), or DEVS:CloantoAudio

   If Personal Paint cannot load the optional files, the program will load
and work correctly, but some functions (PostScript output, audio, writing
of icon files, etc.) will not be activated until the necessary devices can
be loaded.

   Section 1.11 explains how to inform the system and Personal Paint (by
using Assign) about the new position of PPaint if the program and the
other drawers and files are copied to a new disk or drawer.

   Personal Paint and all the support material (pictures, fonts and data
files) do not fit on a single 880 kbyte Amiga disk. For this reason, some
drawers, appear both on the program disk (i.e. the disk on which Personal
Paint is stored) and on the data disk(s). If Personal Paint is installed
on a high capacity storage device, it may be useful to merge the contents
of drawers having the same name on different disks into a single drawer.


1.13.1     Automatic Installation: The InstallPPaint Program

   The primary design goal of the InstallPPaint program was to make it as
easy as possible for users of hard disks (under all versions of the
operating system) to install Personal Paint on their high capacity storage
devices. This makes it possible to use the programs which come with the
package without loading them every time from the disks.

   InstallPPaint asks the user to specify the device and/or drawer/s where
the Personal Paint material is to be installed. The program can create a
new drawer if necessary ("PPaint" would be a good standard name). This is
recommended, as explained in section 1.11 ("Environment Variables and
Standard Drawers").

   The InstallPPaint program is written in the AmigaDOS command language,
using several calls to small sub-programs created specifically for this
purpose. (Other installation procedures exist, but these are not
integrated in all versions of the operating system, and would not have
fitted on Personal Paint's disk.) Experienced AmigaDOS users can load the
"InstallPPaint" file with a text editor or a word processor and examine
what the single commands do. The set of commands is executed automatically
when the "InstallPPaint" Workbench icon is double-clicked.

   Several versions of AmigaDOS command replacements exist (e.g. ARP
command programs). Many of these commands (e.g. Copy) do not recognize
some options and codes which are peculiar to AmigaDOS. The install and
configuration procedures of Personal Paint require the original AmigaDOS
or 100% compatible command programs to run properly. If any problems
arise, the replacement commands should be removed from the hard disk, and
the original Commodore commands should be moved back into the "c"
directory.

   The first thing InstallPPaint does, is to ask where to install all the
material. This is done using a file requester similar to the one described
in section 3.4 ("The File Requester"). The "/" gadget is equivalent to the
Parent option in Personal Paint's standard file requester. The right mouse
button can be pressed to access logical, device and volume names. The main
difference lies in the CreateDir text gadget at the bottom of the
requester, which can be used to specify a new drawer to be created. When a
name is written in this gadget and <Return> is pressed, InstallPPaint
creates a drawer (a directory with a Workbench icon) with the specified
name. The content of the Path text gadget determines where the drawer is
created. The name of the newly created drawer is added automatically to
the path name. More than one drawer can be created in the same session.
Section 9.1 ("AskAssign") describes another application based on the same
file requester.

   The Cancel gadget of the requester can be used to interrupt the install
sequence. If the Install gadget is selected instead, the procedure
continues, asking a series of very simple "Yes/No" questions about what
should be installed.

   For example:

     Install PPaint program files ... (Y/n) ?

   requires the user to press the <Y> key if the file containing the
Personal Paint program is to be copied to the new destination. If <N> is
pressed instead, the program and the minimal set of support files are not
copied. The <Return> key must be pressed to confirm the choice. The
<Return> key can be pressed alone to select the default answer, which is
indicated by the capital initial at the end of the question text. One of
the questions allows the user to select (and create, if necessary) a
drawer where extra fonts can be stored, if it is not desirable to copy
them into the drawer associated with the standard "FONTS" logical device
name.

   By default, executable program modules are compressed to save disk
space. Compressed modules may take more time to load than the equivalent
non-compressed code. In practice, the user may have to wait longer after
double-clicking on the "PPaint" Workbench icon. If there is enough space
on the hard disk, the decompression option of the installation procedure
may be selected.

   The installation procedure begins to install the specified files only
after all questions have been answered. Short messages inform the user -
step by step - about the actions which are being taken. The install
sequence can still be interrupted at any time by pressing the <Ctrl>+<D>
key combination, but this leaves the operation incomplete, and is
therefore strongly discouraged. In such an event, the sequence can however
be executed again by re-selecting the "InstallPPaint" Workbench icon.


1.14       External User Interface Files

   When Personal Paint is loaded, it checks inside the
"PPaint:PPaint_Prefs" directory for some files describing the default
program user interface texts, colors and the configuration of the two
environments.

   These files are: UIText.xxx, UIColors.num and Startup_x.set. The suffix
after "UIText" indicates the language to which the texts and shortcuts
refer ("eng", "deu", "ita", "custom", etc.) The number after "UIColors"
indicates the color palette resolution of the video modes to which those
colors refer (4 = 4-bit VGA, 12 = original chip set, 24 = Advanced
Graphics Architecture, etc.) Generally, 12-bit color palettes are fine for
all (old and new) video modes, except for 64-color ECS and A2024 modes.

   The "UIColors" files contain an image to facilitate editing with
Personal Paint. However, only the color map chunk of that IFF file is
actually loaded and used at startup. For this purpose (and for saving disk
space), the file may as well be generated with the "Save Palette" function
(section 7.1.2). Saving the file as a brush is ideal for not exceeding the
original file length. The file must be saved in the IFF-ILBM format.

   Startup_1.set and Startup_2.set contain the settings for the two
environments. Startup_A.set, generated by the automatic configuration
procedure, contains information relative to the preferred language
("UIText" to be loaded, etc.). The files are loaded in the following
order: Startup_A, Startup_2 and Startup_1. If a non-environment-specific
(but program-relative) parameter appears in more than one file, the last
value which is read prevails.

   Section 1.9.5 explains how to modify the default Workbench icons
generated by Personal Paint.

   The original disk of Personal Paint should not be used to experiment
with new user interface definitions. The backup copy (section 1.6) should
be used instead. Since the disk containing Personal Paint is almost full,
it may be necessary to delete some unused files (e.g. printer drivers
which are not needed) to make room for additional user interface
definition files. Novice users of the Amiga system should be particularly
careful when selecting the files to be deleted or overwritten, and
modifying the user interface of Personal Paint.

   The user interface texts are displayed in menus, gadgets, requesters
and other messages. Most of these texts are stored in special files on the
disk which contains Personal Paint. The default user interface text file
is automatically loaded with Personal Paint, while all files can be
selected and loaded at any time as explained in section 8.10. Most
interestingly, the files can be loaded, modified and saved again as plain
text with any text editor or word processor (e.g. with the "Load Document"
command of Personal Write). The keyboard shortcuts for the menu items are
also stored in these files, and can be modified. If Personal Write is used
to edit the text, the "TAB step" and "TABs in output file" File Format
options must be set to 8 and Yes (or Auto), respectively. "Backup previous
saved" should be disabled if data is written to a disk which is almost
full.

   A few very important rules must be followed to create a new file with
the user interface texts. The easiest way to create such a file is to use
an existing file as a point of departure. The file must be stored as a
plain ASCII text file, without control sequences. TAB characters
separating the shortcuts from the menu text must be preserved. Each line
in the file must contain either one or more valid texts (separated with
TABs), a comment, or no characters at all (blank line used as an optical
separator). Leading space and TAB characters are skipped. Comments begin
with a ';' (ASCII decimal code 59) sign and end at the end of the line.
Each line (including the last one) must terminate with a LF character
(ASCII code 10).

   An optional keyboard suffix may be written, enclosed between the "< >"
(less than and greater than) signs and separated by one or more TABs,
after each menu item text. The shortcut must be in the <Qualifier-Key>
format. The qualifier field is optional. The qualifiers which are
supported are: "Shift", "Alt", "Ctrl", "Amiga", and "Num" (numeric
keypad). For example, "<Shift-Up>" would mean "this command should be
executed by pressing the <Cursor Up> key while <Shift> is held down."

   "Left", "Right", "Up" and "Down" are used to indicate the four cursor
keys. Other textual representations include: "SP", "Tab", "BS", "Del",
"Help", "Esc" and "F1" to "F10".

   The keyboard shortcuts at the end of the file are associated to
functions which have no menu-equivalent.

   The texts should be designed and tested in such a way that all menus
and requesters can be displayed in a low resolution screen 320 pixels wide
and 200 lines tall. Message texts ("TMS" section of the file) which exceed
the horizontal limit may be made "splittable" by inserting underscore
characters ('_') where Personal Paint may bring the text to a new line, if
necessary. Normally, these characters are automatically replaced with
spaces.

   When loading a file with new user interface texts (section 8.10),
Personal Paint performs some simple length-checks and issues warning
messages to indicate texts which are too long or should be made
splittable. While this feature is useful for testing a file as it is being
edited, the only guarantee that the file will actually work properly is to
manually display all menus and requesters.

    <Shift> should not be used as a qualifier for keys which already have
a system-defined shifted representation (e.g., <Shift-a> is wrong, while
<A> is correct). For commands which must remain accessible in a text
editing session, only function key shortcuts and shortcuts having an
<Amiga> key qualifier should be used. Other keys would be interpreted as a
character to be typed, rather than a command to be executed.

   Double assignments of the same shortcut should be avoided, as only one
menu item can be associated with a key combination. <Ctrl> and <Alt> have
special meanings in in the Screen Grab function and in combination with
the left mouse button. These local uses cannot be redefined.

   If only minor changes are applied to a file (e.g. only a few redefined
shortcuts), the original file name can be maintained, overwriting the
previous version (if that version is also stored somewhere else). If
however a completely new and original version is developed, it may be
advisable to use the "custom" suffix.